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Roman matron, Cornelia African (189-110 BC)

Cornelia's life was marked by personal misfortune. She survived her father, her husband and almost all of their children. Mother of the Gracchi called Cornelia fought and defended the political reformers Tiberius and Gaius held in a Rome steeped in an economic crisis where hunger was taking a multitude of citizens.

His bravery earned him the recognition of the Roman aristocracy. The first statue in public was a Roman woman was his.

A patrician lineage

Cornelia was the daughter of the famous general Scipio Africanus, the victor at the Battle of Zama against Hannibal during the Second Punic War, and Paula Emilia.

Shortly after the death of his father, married Cornelia consul Tiberius Gracchus. Despite having 12 children, had to see how just reached adulthood Sempronia, Tiberius and Gaius. In 155 BC, the death of her husband, decided to concentrate solely on educating their children. Cornelia was in charge of providing a good education based on respect for family traditions but also adapted emerging trends incorporating the formation of Greek culture 1.

Cornelia rejected several marriage proposals of important men of the empire. He even declined an offer from the Egyptian king Ptolemy VIII.

" Here are my jewels"

educated and intelligent woman, taught his children a love for the next entering them in the humanistic ideas helenísiticas who advocated support for the popular classes . In the ostentation other aristocratic ladies of the class made her jewels, Cornelia showed their children with pride Here are my jewels.

Mother of the Gracchi

Cornelia was known as the "mother of the Gracchi" especially during the riots that led to reforms that their children wanted to be held in the Roman Senate .

In 134 BC Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune of the people, a position that allowed introducing bills. Despite taking office with the support of the Senate, his land reform proposals soon put Senate to the upper classes against him. A year later, the smear campaign against Tiberius Senate led to his murder.

Ten years later, in 124 BC, his brother Gaius succeeded Tiberius the same position. Key continued the reformist line of his brother but his end was more dramatic. Seeing all his followers were killed, Key decided to commit suicide to avoid being taken prisoner by his enemies.

During the years of struggle for their children, Cornelia like a lioness defending their cause and worked to gain supporters.

intellectual Retirement

Missing most of the members of his family, Cornelia decided to retire to live in a remote villa in Rome where he studied Greek, Latin and philosophy. Become the symbol of the Roman matron, wife and mother, the mother of the Gracchi was an exquisite hospitality educated men and women who admired his courage.

The first statue

Cornelia had the honor of seeing his statue was erected in the Roman Forum. It was the first time that this privilege was a woman. In the section of the base reads: Cornelia, daughter of African and mother of the Gracchi.

If you want to read about it

Women antiquity, Jesus de la Villa
Genre: Essay

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1. History universal. Old age. Rome. Mangas July

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"The government action of the dictatorship, clearly throws into question the credibility and gives the possibility for certain that in Cuba there is justice or anything remotely similar. After the events that led to the death of an opponent in Villa Clara, the very next day was exonerated from blame in the incident. Culaquier government that claims to apply justice, minimally have started an investigation about the facts, first, and then establish responsibilities and to judge attached to the right, but not, as the criminal, the murderer and other cometedores of impropieades against human beings, have a priori hoarse, claiming that as a incocencia dictatorial government it can be assumed a priori equally false.

Borges "The romance of the Cuban church with the dictatorship of the same nationality, has in the beginning, the race for the top post of the Cuban Catholic Church. Two contestants, both subservient to the dictatorship competing to win the approval and therefore the quasi-support designation of the Cuban dictator, they are Carlos Manuel de Cespedes and Jaime Ortega, finally, the dictatorship between both "weaken" opted for the less obvious to the public in their sexual preferences and to eliminate de Céspedes, had him caught in an act "against nature", invalidating the election. Therefore, I has missed the conciliatory stance of the Church with the Cuban dictatorship or humanity masquerading support provided in the asunot expatriate political prisoners, prisoners the same church in cahoots with the Cuban dictatorship and the English government have been responsible for a living very earthly hell, away from the holy office of course open the doors of paradise to the Cubans, things ye shall see Sancho.

-cafés and other eating places in CUC, have already begun the path of deterioration that once the old mark of the same trade in domestic currency. No more "crates", now you do not have change, and finally mind three whistles to sell or not sell, trade or not the products, the same spirit soon permeate the "business" in convertible currency gradually to neglect and indifference have taken root in all the services and production to lead to the overall deterioration in short more of the same, because can not bear good fruit the tree evil.

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between two regimes, Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749-1803)

In 1783, the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris enrte accepted four women members. Labille-Guiard Adelaide was one of them. The great portrait Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun was another of the great painters who entered the academy in Adelaide the same day. For this reason and because of the similarity of his work, both artists were constantly compared and even confused. And while Adelaide did not reach the Elisabeth achieved fame in many European courts, he gained a place in the neoclassical art world of Paris.

A long training

Adelaide was born in 1749. He was the youngest of eight children of a family belonging to the Parisian bourgeoisie. His father was a draper and ran a shop in the neighborhood of Saint-Eustache. Adelaide did not come from a family of artists such as Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun so he could not learn at home. Many details are unknown although their formation is known to François-Elie Vincent and his son François-André taught him the art of miniature and oil respectively.

Thanks to the influence of Vincent, the young painter was admitted to the Académie Saint-Luc in 1769 and was able to present their first works after five years.

French Academy and comparisons

Adelaide had to wait many years until he was 34 to get to be accepted into the French Academy. Meanwhile, he earned his living as a teacher. The fact that he entered the academy the same day that the great portrait painter Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun led to constant comparisons between them. While it is true that the work of Adelaide was influenced by that of Élisabeth and this he acquired an important international, over time, the paintings of Adelaide were recognized with the same value as those of its rival.

In court

Vigee-Lebrun While painted for Queen Marie Antoinette, Labille-Guiard was supported by the Princess Mary Adelaide, aunt of King Louis XVI. His patronage brought him a pension of one thousand pounds and numerous commissions to photograph the royal family.

in revolutionary Paris

Two years after the Revolution broke French. Although political views were close to Adelaide Republican principles, the fact of working for the royal family put her in an uncomfortable and dangerous situation. This improved when he agreed to portray some revolutionary leaders like Robespierre and got rid of some of his works made on behalf of the royal family.

His two marriages

was during his time at the Académie Saint-Luc when she met her future first husband, Louis-Nicolas Guiard. Their marriage lasted only eight years. In 1777 they separated. Six years later, thanks to new laws revolutionary, the couple legally divorced.

end up marrying Adelaide François-André Vincent one of his teachers of youth.

Last time

Until the turn of the century, the painter continued working and exhibiting his paintings. In 1795 got a new pension of 2000 pounds. Labille-Guiard Adelaide died on April 24, 1803.

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Pompey's triumph.

wanted to commemorate Pompey African victories entering the city of Rome mounted a chariot drawn by elephants instead of horses as usual. Laurel wreath was placed, purple robe and his face smeared with red. But when did hint through the doors of the city was impossible because, by their size, elephants do not fit. For some this was foreshadowing. If you did Anibal , Rome would not Pompey.

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The Great Steward, Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566) Martyr

The July 10, 1559, King Henry II of France died after participating in a tournament during the celebration of peace-Cambresis Cateu. His body was keeping inherte Catherine de Medici, Queen of France. But his true love, Diana de Poitiers was unable to be at his side. The queen had forbidden it.

A high-born lover

Diane de Poitiers was born in 1499 in the heart of one of the most important aristocratic families in France. His father, Jean de Poitiers was the Count of Saint-Vallier and Estoile Viscount. After the death of his mother, Jeanne de Batarnay, when Diana was only six years, was taken to court where he spent nearly ten years as Lady Anne of France daughter of Louis XI.

When Diana was a beautiful 15-year marriage was agreed with Luis de Breze, forty years her senior. The Count and Lord of Anet Maulevrier represented the king in Normandy as regent and the royal family descended from an illegitimate branch originated from the relationship between Charles VII and his mistress, Agnès Sorel .

During the years of their marriage, Diana was a wife and mother. Despite the age difference, Diana loved and respected her husband, with whom she had two daughters. But the disappearance of Luis changed Diana's fate.

courted by Henry

Diane de Poitiers in 1531, with 31 years, was a widow. A year earlier, the two eldest sons of King Francis I of France had returned from his stay in Madrid as a hostage for his father's defeat at the Battle of Pavia Charles V occurred in 1525. The emperor was taken prisoner the French king and was released only after the Treaty of Madrid which claimed her two children hostage. Henry was then eleven years old when Diana was reunited with whom he remembered as the last person who had comforted his despair when he had to leave to Madrid. Since then, Henry had fallen in love with the beauty and personality of Diana.

Now a widow, Diana has reinvented itself. His model would be Artemis, daughter of the king of Halicarnassus, took the white and black as your basic colors, in their coat included the inverted torch, symbol of widows and honored her husband disappeared in a mausoleum in the chapel of the castle Anet.

Diana was more than twenty years Henry's age, but admitted his public worship wrapped in a similar trappings of courtly love. Surrounded herself his person and his relationship with Henry by a halo of mystery giving them a mythological and sacred and transforming the exemplary widow goddess of Olympus 1. Even Diana was portrayed as a huntress.

symbols continued when in 1547 Henry ascended the throne and did not hesitate to create the famous shield with his initials intertwined.

power over the monarch

Diana was not just a lover. The ascendancy and power over Henry used it to interfere in government affairs to exercise a similar role that of a prime minister.

In his role as adviser to the king did not hesitate to drive the king into the arms of the legitimate queen, Catherine de Medici, to give the kingdom an heir. When the offspring arrived, she took care of their education.

Time for

Queen Catherine de Medici

spent the first years of his reign endure the presence of Diana in court. He did it quietly and accept the situation. But their power to come with the death of her husband. When Henry was mortally wounded in 1559, Catherine made his first gesture of rejection Diana. Prohibited their presence next to Henry and for his funeral. After her away from the court and the education of their children.

Digna until the end

Although Diana was expelled from the court, he continued to have relations with the kingdom's leading families. From his exile in the castle of Anet Diana continued to travel to Paris and kept his place in aristocratic society.

Not surprisingly, Catherine called the crown jewels she had worn Diana and took the castle of Chenonceau but instead handed the de Chaumont. Queen knew about the influence that kept even his eternal rival in Paris, and that revenge was not favorable for her.

Diana died in his castle of Anet in 1566.



-------- 1. Lovers and queens, Benedetta Craveri

If you want to read about it


Lovers and queens, Benedetta Craveri
Genre: Essay Collection
the lives of several queens and lovers related to the French crown.

Diane de Poitiers and Catherine de Medici , Michael of Kent
Genre: Essay
A wonderful story about two rival ladies told by someone who is direct descendant both.

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worshiper of Venus, St. Afra (Century IV)

Many data are retained in the life of the early saints and martyrs of the Catholic church have been constantly challenged. Even some states that never existed. The data that we have come from the story of St. Afra of Augsburg mixed reality and legend. But it is clear that in the fourth century there was a woman in those territories that were burned by their Christian beliefs.

the list of martyrs

Augusta St. Afra is cited in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum as a martyr who suffered religious persecution of Emperor Diocletian. During the government of the so-called Tetrarchy, Maximian had taken over the western provinces of the empire, among which included the Roman province of Rhtia, which was the city of Augusta. Maximian continued the policy of persecution of the Christian religion begun by Diocletian.

From prostitute to martyr

Afra came from a family that had moved from Cyprus to Augsburg. This began in the worship of the goddess Venus and was delivered as a prostitute in the service of this Roman goddess.

seems that his conversion came from the hand of Saint Narcissus, Bishop of Gerona who had fled from the provinces of Hispania which were also being carried out persecution against Christians. Afra's family gave holy asylum who convinced the young man who was to become the new faith.

Leaving the temple of Venus, the Roman rulers were quickly in their search. Upon receiving a negative response by Afra, their fate could only be a death sentence. Afra accepted his martyrdom and was burned alive in a small island in the river Lech. According to some sources, his mother and his three servants were also burned.

St. Afra's remains were later deposited in the church of Saints Ulrich and Afra, become a center of worship. The day of St. Afra held on 7 August.

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In defense of their rights, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

For a long time, almost a century, the image of Mary Wollstonecraft was overshadowed by the publication that her husband had done to his memoirs. They made public a scandalous relationship and an illegitimate daughter. His personal life overshadowed his ideas on equality of men and women until the new feminist movements of the twentieth century writers like Virginia Woolf was rescued from oblivion.

A difficult childhood

Mary

Wollstonecraft was born into a middle class family in London in 1759. His father was a silk weaver who had inherited a large sum of money. His business and his legacy would have allowed him and his family have a peaceful and prosperous life if not for his bad head. Squandered the money and took her own business to ruin.

The precarious economic situation of the family took Mary to start work first thing was: seamstress, insitutriz or companion high society ladies. His intelligence and love of reading led her to pursue a teacher when I was little more than 20 years.

Mary's childhood was difficult not only for economic reasons. She remembered how she had to defend her mother from the violence that his father was constantly on it.

writer by profession

For years Mary worked to move forward and protect his family from poverty. Tired of the few job opportunities offered to him a woman, Mary decided to devote himself to writing and try to get money for their words. It was a risky and so he told his sister Everina: I'll be the first of a new species. I shudder to think of the attempt .

But despite their fears, achieve your dream. Not only was accepted into the London literary circle, but got his publisher paid him for his writings.

precursor of feminism and equality

Mary Wollstonecraft dared to stand up for equality between men and women. Not only rejected the traditional assumption that defined differently male and female natures, but said with great conviction that women are more intellectually developed because they were vetoed access to knowledge.

Although his early writings defending the Christian virtures, with the start of the French Revolution, his ideas were more radical and drifting toward a defense of reason over faith.

Towards the revolution and the scandal

Excited by the revolutionary ideas that had lifted the French people, Mary went to Paris in 1792 ready to implement their ideas. It was then when she met an American adventurer who live in a tumultuous love story. Gilbert Mary Imlay aroused the passion of love that she had rejected his work Vindication of the Rights of Women . Not only that, but she became pregnant without being married, which Imlay had no intention of doing.

After completion of the last French King Louis XVI, the political situation in France became increasingly unstable. The declaration of war by England forced its citizens to flee if they did not end at the guillotine. Back in London, with her daughter, Fanny Imlay Mary was rejected. Then began a dark period in his life that led even attempt suicide. Shortly after his mistress turned to him and asked him to undertake a business trip to Scandinavia was not used to regain the love of Imlay.

Death and birth of another writer

When Mary returned to London he resumed his literary career and found a new love, William Godwin. Their passionate relationship also ended with the arrival of a new child. This time, however, William has agreed to marry his lover even took up residence in separate apartments.

Summer 1797, at 38, Mary Wollstonecraft died after giving birth to another child. Mary Shelley was born , who would go down in history as a great writer.

scandal memories

Missing his wife, William Godwin decided to publish his work unfinished Mary or the injustice that women suffer and memories of Mary. Not only brought to light the scandalous affair with Gilbert Imlay but published the desperate letters she had written to him. Thereafter, for more than a century remained the image of a woman who had broken with the established rules, maintaining relationships outside marriage and giving birth to illegitimate children. It was the example not be followed.

rescued Ideas

the late nineteenth and through other writers like Virginia Woolf, ideas and beliefs in equality of men and women who had long defended Mary Wollstonecraft were rescued from oblivion. Feminist movements of the twentieth century endorsed his words in defense of women's rights.

Some of his works

Reflections on the education of girls

Description of good manners that a middle class woman should have, and their moral and behavioral virtues

Vindication of the Rights of Women

This is a plea for education of women as a way for these could contribute to society

Mary or the injustice that women suffer

This novel recounts the misfortunes of Mary, a middle-class woman, and Jemima, a working class woman.

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Queen of Scots, Mary Stuart (1542-1587)

In 1543 a baby a few months was crowned in the Chapel Royal of Stirling Castle as Queen of Scotland. Mary Stuart had to reach the crowns Scottish, French and English. But betrayed by his enemies and political circumstances, was convicted and executed by his great rival, Elizabeth I of England.

A baby promised crowned

Mary Stuart was born on December 8, 1542 at the Palace of Linlithgow Scotland. It was the fourth daughter of King James V of Scotland and his wife, Mary of Guise French.

Six days later the king died, disappointed at having a daughter, the only survivor of his race. Less than a year of birth of Mary, when she starred in a peculiar ceremony of coronation. Mary Queen of Scots was named, along with James Hamilton II, Earl of Arran, who stood next in line of succession and would act as regent of the child.

Not only that, a few months before his coronation, the young queen had been promised in marriage to the son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour. The marriage was part of the so-called treaty of Greenwich, according to which the two royal families accept the children of Mary and Edward inherit Scotland and England together. Before the coronation of Mary, his mother had broken her first engagement.

A baby between two kingdoms

Henry VIII not resigned to losing the opportunity to unite the two kingdoms and began a series of raids on Scottish territory that not only endangered the life of the little queen but left behind destruction and desolation. Mary of Guise then requested assistance to the French king Henry II as he tried to hide her daughter from the English armies.

Finally, the summer of 1548, Mary managed to escape and arrived in France. Shortly before his mother and representatives of King Henry II in Haddington had signed an agreement to marry Mary married the Dauphin Francis. Mary, who was then five years, would further ten away from their homeland in the French court. His mother not going to see anymore.

Queen of Scotland and France

Mary Stuart married Francisco in 1558. A year later, during the celebrations of the peace of Cateau-Cambresis between France and Spain, Henry II was mortally wounded in a joust. Maria and Francisco became kings of France.

However, Mary's happiness lasted only a year. In 1560 his mother not only died but was left a widow and stripped of her title as queen of France.

Back a divided country

Mary was just 18 when he returned to his homeland. Was still the legitimate queen, but she found a country on the line. The religious divide between Catholics and Protestants had become the banner of political causes in Scotland and England. In neighboring, Elizabeth I was queen after the death of his half brother King Edward. Isabel, daughter of the second wife of Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, defended at any cost the Protestant cause, he was the only way to legitimize his birth and therefore their dynastic rights. But the Catholic side saw in Mary of Scotland, with dynastic rights the English throne, an alternative to Isabel.

Similarly in Scotland, Mary's illegitimate brother, James Stewart I, championing the Protestant cause.

But as Elizabeth I always ruled with iron fist and never shook the pulse defending what she believed, Mary opted for neither side openly. Not only openly defended the Catholic cause but tolerated the Protestant faith.

Elizabeth and Mary never met personally but his father's cousin was always a threat to Elizabeth, a queen who was not married and had no intention of doing, so that the question of his successor was the subject of constant debate over his reign.

two unsuccessful marriages

Although Mary did married, his other two marriages only brought him political problems. Mary's second husband was her cousin Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany, known as Lord Darnley. Henry was one of the main leaders of the Catholic cause, so that their union the anger of his enemies Protestants who began an armed uprising.

The marriage began to deteriorate when Lord Darnley claimed for himself more power and demanded the title of king. After the birth of his only son, James, Mary's husband was killed by what would be her next husband, James Hepburn, fourth Earl of Bothwell.

The path to conviction

The murder of her second husband and the marriage with the Earl of Bothwell was the beginning of the end of Mary. The Scottish nobility turned his back and after several armed uprisings, Mary was imprisoned. In 1567, forced by circumstances and unable to gather around a sufficient number of followers, Mary abdicated in favor of his son. James was then a year.

Mary did not give up yet. Tried to escape and reorganize an army of fans but did not get very far. After the defeat of his army at Langside, fled to England, where he would be caught by the men of his great enemy Elizabeth I.

condemns murder

The trial began against her cousin Elizabeth had the excuse the murder of her second husband, the English nobleman, Lord Darnley. The real reason was to maintain the highest tiemplo Mary away from home. Meanwhile, in Scotland, Mary's illegitimate brother ruled in the name of his nephew.

Mary spent 18 years captive. After those long years, he decided to run Isabel. The reasons were his involvement in various plots to end his life and sit on the throne of England converted to Catholicism. Allegations that were never fully tested.

Condemned for high treason, Mary was beheaded in an execution that has gone down in history for its pathos. Up to three hits to give the executioner had to separate the head from his body.

Separated in life, together in death

Mary and Elizabeth never met in life, though his ways were a mutual threat. Mary was buried in Peterborough Cathedral, but later was moved to Westminster Abbey, a few meters from the seputura of Isabel. The order had given the King James I, son of Mary, who had inherited the crowns of Scotland and England.

If you want to read about it

Mary Stuart , Stefan Zweig

Genre: Biography

A biography must to understand the life of Mary of Scotland

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots , Reay Tannahill

Genre: Historical fiction

an excellent recreation of the days when Queen Mary Stuart lived

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Portrait Art Deco, Tamara de Lempicka (1898-1980)

Maria Górska, known as Tamara de Lempicka, was a painter of Polish origin who in the early twentieth century representative noted as a portraitist and art deco. Artists painted in Paris, noble, famous. In New York was hailed by critics. He traveled and lived in Europe and the United States to end her life with her daughter in Mexico.

passion for art

Maria Górska born in Warsaw in 1898 in the midst of a rich family of high society. Concerned with character, Mary lived a happy childhood until his parents separated. That was his grandmother who took care of it. In 1911 Maria traveled with her new caregiver to Italy where he discovered that his passion would be the ante. Previously, when he was only 10 years, had painted his sister.

The separation of their parents did not mean that Maria stop living a great life. He studied in Switzerland and spent the holiday with his millionaire family in St. Petersburg.

From St. Petersburg to Paris

In one of his visits to the Russian city, Maria met a wealthy lawyer, Tadeusz Lempicka, she fell in love. Just outbreak of the First World War but the conflict did not affect the couple who lived a few years of honeymoon. It was the Russian revolution which temporarily thwarted the happiness of the couple. Tadeusz was arrested by the Bolshevik forces, but the courage of Tamara de Lempicka then managed to free her husband. Tamara and Tadeusz fled to Paris where he took up residence.

fame in Paris

born in the French capital, his only daughter, Kizette. During those years, Tamara continued studying and began to gain fame among Parisian high society thanks to its elegant and glamorous portraits.

In 1925, an exhibition of Art Deco, Tamara showed his work to the public and managed to make a name in the world of painting.

His professional success was overshadowed by his failed marriage. In 1929 Tamara and Tadeusz divorced.

From Paris to America

The onset of World War II led to Tamara and her daughter, along with the new partner of the artist, Raoul Kuffner, they moved to America. First settled in Beverly Hills and later in New York where Tamara, plus paint, was devoted to interior design.

Style change

Raoul died in 1962. Two years ago, Tamara had begun to experiment with leaving the Art Deco style to plunge into the abstraction. But this change in his art does not seem like the New York critics. However, Tamara continued to paint, but since then never again achieve the same success during the golden age of Paris.

recognition of his work

In 1966 the Museum of Decorative Arts Paris organized a memorial exhibition of art in the 20's. Shortly thereafter, in the Gallery of Luxembourg, they organized a retrospective of Tamara de Lempicka. Art Deco painter was rediscovered many years later.

Rest in Mexico

Shortly before his death, aged 80, Tamara moved to live in Mexico, next to his daughter. Two years later, while sleeping, Tamara's life was fading.

Following his own wishes, Kizette spread his ashes over the volcano Popocatepetl.

If you want to read about it

Tamara de Lempicka , Laura Claridge

Genre: Biography

official website

http://www.delempicka.org/

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Sissi The last daughter, Maria Valeria Habsburg (1868-1924)

Months after the coronation of Emperor Franz José I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth of Bavaria as kings of Hungary, was born the fourth daughter of the imperial couple. Maria Valeria was the only educated by her mother and away from the Austrian court. Married for love, renounced his dynastic rights and devoted much of his life to charity.

Hungarian's daughter

Matilda Valeria Maria Amalia of Habsburg-Lorraine and Wittelsbach was born in Hungary on April 22, 1868. His parents were in that country which had recently been appointed kings. He had been a success for the Empress Sissi, who lover everything related to Hungary, had struggled to get its annexation to the Austrian Empire. Maria Valeria was born ten years after Rudolph the couple's third child. Both he and the former Sophie Gisela, had been educated by the Archduchess Sophie, mother of the emperor. Now, far from the court of Vienna, Sissi took the opportunity to take personal charge of the education of his daughter.

Valeria Maria Sissi educated in Hungarian culture. Talked to her in Hungarian despite the reluctance of the child. Mary spent her childhood surrounded by rumors and malicious comments who claimed that his father was not the emperor, but the Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy, someone with whom the empress had been close throughout the process of rapprochement with Hungary. Although the comments were unfounded, because the girl had a strong resemblance to his father, these will affect throughout their childhood.

Give up your rights for the sake

the spirit of freedom of his mother, Maria Valeria herself chose what would be her husband. Unlike his two brothers, married for reasons of state, she decided to marry the Archduke Francis of Austria, cousin. Despite belonging to the imperial family, was part of a junior branch of the dynasty.

Like Mary did not accept any of the suitors that her father had meant to her, had to renounce his dynastic rights.

solidarity Maturity

Maria Valeria and Francisco took up residence in the Palace of Wallsee and came to have ten children. The Archduchess devoted much of his life to charity. Worked closely with the Red Cross, founded hospitals and during the First World War she helped treat to patients located in a converted part of his residence in hospital.

died in 1924 the youngest daughter of Empress Sissi. Loved by his people, thousands of people mourned his death and accompanied him on his last trip to the parish church where she was buried Sildeburg.

If you want to read about it

The Curse of Sissi, Habsburg Catherine of

Genre: Fiction
historical This biography of Sissi found several references to Mary Valeria

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Herod the Great.

saw death approaching King Herod and, knowing that the Jews held to get rid of his tyranny, when it ordered that they were killed they occur the most outstanding of each of the villages of Judea. In this way all would mourn and to keep families mourning.
His body was wrapped in purple cloth and placed in coffin of gold. His bodyguard of Thracians and Gauls Herodias accompanied him to where he was buried. So he tells Josephus Flavius \u200b\u200b The Jewish War .

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The sculptor Luisa Roldán (1652-1704)

If the world of painting left few names of women artists, the field of sculpture was actually doing poor female names. So Luisa Roldán, known as the Washer was really a unique artist. Contributed to the religious imagery of the highest quality from the studio of his father up to the English court. Luisa Roldán reached the position of Chamber sculptor Charles II and Philip V, a quite extraordinary degree for a woman.

sculptors Family

Luisa Ignacia Roldán Villavicencio was born in Seville in 1652 in a family of sculptors. His father, Pedro Roldán, had emigrated from Grenada in 1647 and was a thriving religious carvings. Learned in the family workshop and worked all the children of Peter and his wife, Teresa de Jesus Mena Ortega Villavicencio.

But while Louise's brothers followed in the footsteps of his father, the three daughters of the artist is engaged in the most delicate part of the works: browning, braising and all those tasks considered "feminine."

The student surpasses the teacher

Mary and Frances, brother of Louis, they settled for the role his father had given them in the workshop. But she soon opted to imitate his father and his brothers designing and carving their own sculptures. Luisa's expertise was of great help in the workshop of his prosperous father soon had grown and needed more apprentices and workers. In addition, Peter worked not only in business but also of their time devoted to practice teaching at the Academy of Seville.

Thus, Luisa began to take charge of many projects coming to the shop and his reputation began to grow.

Daughter to competing

both Louis and his two sisters married into the family business assistants, which was completely normal. But for reasons unknown, Pedro desaprovó Luisa's election outright.

The young sculptor had chosen husband Luis Antonio de los Arcos, another worker Pedro business. Received the refusal of his father, Louise did not hesitate to take the matter to the courts. The year was 1671. Louise was 19. After a period of legal struggle, got married Luisa Luis Antonio. With her marriage getting professional independence also perhaps the reason why his father never wanted to let her go. Anyway, Luisa Roldán became a competitor of his father.

unique artist

However, the first years of independence failed Luisa large orders. It was then decided to develop a technical staff working in the mud. This material was considered among the sculptural art world menial. But Luisa got figures of high quality mold with this material and began receiving orders.

His fame came to Cadiz, where in 1686 the cathedral chapter of his summoned to conduct various sizes. There remained two short years. Soon travel to Madrid in search of more success.

Titles unprofitable

In 1688, Luisa, her husband and two children (four stems had not survived) were transferred to the capital to seek new opportunities. During his early years in Madrid was making a name between the nobility and working his way up the court. His greatest success came in 1692 when King Charles II named sculptor camera, a privilege never before given to a woman.

From then until his death, Louise worked in the service of two kings, the last Austria and the first Bourbon on the English throne. But his big title is not fed him. The difficult economic climate for passing Spain at the turn of the century and the dynasty had made the cut in a dark place where you and a few appeared to live in a beautiful and rich opulence. Luisa Roldán even called the kings and queens food, clothing and even a room in which to live and not receiving money for their work.

Meanwhile, in Seville, his father continued working and earning money. But Luisa, perhaps hurt by his father for his treatment when he wanted to marry, never stooped to return to his hometown. The real sculptor decided to hold in Madrid and live in real poverty situation.

died In 1704 Luisa Roldán. He was only 52 years but had aged by the hardness of your personal situation. The great sculptor died poor but proud of his great work.

If you want to read about it

The forgotten history of creative women , Case
Angeles Genre: Essay
A wonderful journey through life exceptional women

Hives Can Be A Sign Of

The king rose, Rosamund Clifford (1150-1176)

Bella, a young and educated, Rosamund Clifford was one of the most famous lovers of King Henry II Plantagenet. With little actual data on the true story, the rival of the great Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine fed a large number of legends. Some praised calling the The beautiful Rosamond or La Rosa world. His detractors came to naming La Rosa unclean.

Rosamunda Sources

is unknown the exact date of birth of Rosamond though not probable that he was born before 1150. His parents, Walter de Clifford and Margaret Isobel of Tosny were the owners of the castle of Clifford on the banks of the River Wye on the border with Wales. Rosamond had two sisters and three brothers.

La joven dama habría visto por primera vez al rey Enrique en 1165 durante una de sus campañas en esa zona de sus dominios.

Amante del rey

Cuando Rosamunda se convirtió en amante del rey Enrique, la reina Leonor estaba embarazada de su último hijo, quien se convertiría en Juan I de Inglaterra, conocido como Juan Sin Tierra. A pesar de esperar un hijo del rey, la pareja hacía tiempo que se había distanciado.

En 1173, tras la rebelión de Leonor y sus hijos contra Enrique, el rey se reconcilió con sus vástagos pero no tuvo pity for his wife who hid herself for 15 years.

The threat of Rosamond

Queen Leonor, before and during their captivity was threatened its position as there was a likelihood that her husband asked for the annulment of their marriage claiming consanguinity. The danger, however, was mitigated by the Pope's defense to the cause of Leonor. The Holy See has resisted a possible separation of the couple, something forbidden by church law.

On the other hand, the romance between Henry and Rosamund was short lived. In 1176, the young lover became ill and retired Godstow the monastery where he died the same year.

Although Rosamond Clifford was erected as a real threat to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the stories about a possible poisoning of the mistress by the queen are unfounded.

Forgotten by the King, remembered by history

Enrique soon took refuge in the arms of another woman to forget the love of Rosamond. Next on his list of lovers was the bride of his son, Aelis of France, who was married to Richard the Lionheart.

Heart Exiled King, Rosamond was the subject of literary and artistic representations that made his life a true romantic love story. Illegitimate children, murder, poisoning, fed stories extolling the figure of the lovers in the tradition of courtly love.

Even his final resting place was the subject of a bizarre story. Buried in the church of the monastery of Godstow in which he had entered shortly before his death, Hugh of Lincoln Obipo, seeing the large number of flowers and affection that he professed to missing girl, ordered her remains were deposited outside the church, it was a bad example for women.

Calories Takeaway Plain Chow Mein

The artillery Agustina de Aragón (1786-1857)

The July 2, 1808 Zaragoza resisted the siege of French troops. In one of the gates of the city, known as del Portillo, a girl of no more than twenty years he took a Botafuegos and over the fallen soldiers, lit the fuse of a cannon. The shooting forced the French to retreat. Agustina de Aragón, this courageous act, became a myth. Like her, many women fought bravely in the English War of Independence.

The sources

Agustina Agustina Raimunda María Saragossa i Domènech was born in Barcelona in 1786. His parents, Ramon Francisco Labastida and Raimunda Saragossa i Domènech i Gasull, Lleida were peasants who had moved to Barcelona in search of a better life.

While still a 17-year-old Agustina married Joan Roca i Vilaseca. Joan was a second corporal of artillery which had been temporarily assigned to Barcelona. For five years the couple lived happily. They had a son, whom they named as their father. But the entry of Napoleon's troops in Spain would truncate this existence quiet.

war begins

Juan Roca was quickly mobilized. Agustina sought to follow, as was customary among women in the military, but eventually had to move his son to Zaragoza, where he apparently lived his sister. The marriage was not reunited until the end of the war.

Rise of Zaragoza

On 25 May 1808, Zaragoza authorities defenders of the new dynasty headed by Jose I was deposed. General Jose de Palafox Rebolledo and then the government took control the city. Zaragoza's rebellion soon led the French armies to besiege the city. By then, Agustina already been installed with your sister.

Despite that, a priori , the location of the city and the number of French troops were in Zaragoza a site relatively easy for the enemy, Napoleon's troops found themselves before a population ready to fight whatever it was and as out. Among citizens, many women were willing to cooperate in the defense of the city, supplying ammunition, food and water, or fighting with the enemy.

The birth of the myth

In one of the French attacks in early May, a grenade exploded near the position where it was Agustina. The girl watched as the soldiers fell all around and there was the threat of enemy troops managed to enter the city. Did not think twice. Moved from the dead and injured to a cannon that fired. The surprise came over the two sides. Agustina managed to maintain the situation until reinforcements arrived.

In the same place an officer pulled the insignia of a gunner killed in combat and gave them to Gustine. He was born "Ordnance." The fighting continued. Agustina remained steadfast in their struggle as a member of the Artillery Corps.

The fight outside Zaragoza

She was taken prisoner but escaped. After suffering the tragic disappearance of her son, Augustine decided to continue with their lives artillery and presented in the Provincial Government of Teruel, where he rejoined the army and continued fighting against the French until the end of the war in 1813.

An itinerant life

After the war, Agustina was reunited with her husband again in Zaragoza, where they remained a short time. The couple traveled to Segovia, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwhere they had their second child, and Valencia. Back in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bin 1823 her husband died.

Agustina remarried in Valencia with a doctor, Juan Cobo and will install in Seville where they had a daughter. After a relatively quiet phase, Agustina and John drifted apart due to her husband's Carlist ideas. His daughter Charlotte, wife of an artillery officer, was installed in Ceuta. Disenchanted with their marriage, Agustina decided in 1853 to live with her daughter. Four years later, in 1857, died Agustina, 71 years old.

Back Zaragoza

Although Augustine was buried in Ceuta in 1870 was moved to the city that conviritió a true hero. With great honor, his body was placed in the Basilica del Pilar. Still have to make one last trip. In 1908, the church of Santa Maria del Portillo, a mausoleum was erected in memory of the fallen men and women in the same place 200 years ago. That should be the last trip of Gustine.

If you want to read about it

Agustina de Aragón: Women and the Myth, María Pilar Queralt del Hierro

Genre: Biography